The heart, lungs, oesophagus, and trachea are the main targets of Thoracic Surgery. Technology advancements have increased the accessibility and safety of these difficult operations. People's lives are being saved and improved via heart transplants, anti-reflux surgery, and lung cancer surgery. In an esophagectomy, the majority of the oesophagus that makes up the stomach is removed, converted to a tube, and a new connection is made to allow the stomach and remaining oesophagus to be swallowed. To supply nutrition during the healing process, a nourishing jejunostomy tube is placed into the small intestine. Patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer have lobectomies. Patients with spread to other body areas are not given it. The most important tumour characteristics are its size, kind, and location.