A narrow scope is introduced during the surgery after numerous extremely small incisions are made, and tiny surgical instruments are passed through it. The surgeon may view the anatomy and move the instruments by attaching the scope to a video camera, which then sends a magnified image to a monitor. During a surgical technique called a Heller myotomy, the cardia's muscles are severed, allowing food and liquids to travel to the stomach. It is employed to treat achalasia, a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions and restricts the passage of food and liquids to the stomach.
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